Fetal Infections: Common Types, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Prevention

September 15, 2025

What Are Fetal Infections?

Fetal infections happen when a baby gets an infection before birth. These infections can pass from the mother to the baby during pregnancy. Because they can affect the baby’s health, it is important to know about them. Fetal infections may cause problems before or after birth. Some common types of fetal infections include cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, and rubella. Knowing the symptoms, diagnosis, and prevention steps can help keep both mother and baby safe.

Common Types of Fetal Infections

Several infections can affect a baby before birth. Each type has its own risks and symptoms. Below are some of the most common types:

Cytomegalovirus (CMV): This virus is common and can cause hearing loss or growth problems in babies.

Toxoplasmosis: This infection comes from a parasite found in undercooked meat or cat feces. It can lead to eye or brain problems in the baby.

Rubella (German measles): If a mother gets rubella during pregnancy, it can cause birth defects or miscarriage.

Syphilis: This is a sexually transmitted infection. It can lead to stillbirth or serious health issues in the baby.

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV): Babies can get this virus during birth. It may cause skin, eye, or brain problems.

Parvovirus B19: This virus can cause anemia in the baby and sometimes lead to miscarriage.

Symptoms and Signs

Often, fetal infections do not show clear signs in the mother. However, some symptoms may appear in the baby before or after birth. For example, babies may have:

Low birth weight

Jaundice (yellow skin or eyes)

Enlarged liver or spleen

Rashes or skin problems

Hearing or vision loss

Developmental delays

Sometimes, mothers may have mild symptoms like fever, rash, or swollen glands. But, many infections show no symptoms at all.

Causes and Risk Factors

Fetal infections can happen in several ways. Most often, the infection passes from the mother to the baby through the placenta. Some key risk factors include:

Mother having an active infection during pregnancy

Eating undercooked meat or unwashed fruits and vegetables

Contact with cat litter or animal feces

Unprotected sex or sexually transmitted infections

Not being vaccinated against certain diseases, like rubella

Because some infections are more common in certain areas, local health risks may also play a role.

Diagnosis and Screening Methods

Early diagnosis is important for the health of both mother and baby. Doctors use several methods to check for fetal infections. For instance, they may:

Ask about symptoms and medical history

Order blood tests for the mother

Use ultrasound to look for signs in the baby

Test amniotic fluid or cord blood if needed

Regular prenatal visits help catch problems early. In some cases, special screening tests are offered if there is a known risk.

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on the type of infection and how far along the pregnancy is. Some infections can be treated with medicines during pregnancy. For example, antibiotics can treat syphilis. In other cases, doctors may give antiviral drugs or other treatments. Sometimes, treatment is given to the baby after birth. Early care can help reduce the risk of long-term problems.

Prevention and Lifestyle Guidance

There are many ways to lower the risk of fetal infections. Here are some helpful tips:

Wash hands often, especially after handling raw meat or animals

Cook meat well and wash fruits and vegetables

Avoid contact with cat litter and animal feces

Practice safe sex to avoid sexually transmitted infections

Stay up to date with recommended vaccines, like rubella

Attend all prenatal check-ups and screenings

Following these steps can help protect both mother and baby from infections.

Conclusion

Fetal infections can be serious, but early care and prevention make a big difference. If you are pregnant or planning to be, talk to your doctor about ways to stay safe. Consult a fetal medicine specialist for personalized advice and early intervention.

Sources: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), World Health Organization (WHO)